The formal study of economics is now several hundred years old. It has grown and advanced as a field of study through a turbulent history of democratisation, industrialisation, World Wars, Great Depressions and now a globalised digital economy of uncertain consequences.  Today neoclassical economics has strengthened to the point where it represents a kind of sacred orthodoxy – the cornerstone of legitimate thought and policy. However, this orthodoxy is now being challenged by the reality of persistent financial crises and economic challenges on an historic scale. Neoclassical economics’ strengths as an exchanged-focused science are also its weaknesses. A narrow market-centric field of study and an analytical reliance on scarcity can be argued to have contributed to many of the ills that plague modern society. Neoclassical economists are seemingly unable to deal with growing inequality, the rise of a new digital economy or to help identify undocumented risks, because – in part – the complexity of capital is an understudied area of economic thought.